Thursday, July 23, 2009

Metcalfe's Law and the Church

posted by Gary Lee

100 Men and 4,950 Potential Connections 

 

 

As we discussed the network diagrams last Friday morning, I could not help but 

think of the value of these connections and how the concept of networking is so 

important to the ministry of this church. 

 

First, as self-confession, I am somewhat of a geek at heart.  Around 1980 I 

discovered my first personal computer and was hooked forever.  I started out 

writing software professionally, stumbled into telecommunications and have had 

a very interesting career exploring new technologies, and how technologies 

change how we work, play and become part of the global world where today 

virtually every major part of the planet is interconnected somehow. 

 

So with my geek-factor in mind, I could not help but think about the network 

diagrams Forrest presented with my geek hat on.    While these were intended to 

show the interconnectivity between people and groups within the church, they 

could easily be diagrams of any physical computer or telecommunications 

network, and I’ve probably reviewed hundreds of these over the years.   

 

Several communications principles, and the design rules and maxims borrowed 

from telecommunications can be applied to the church networks as diagrammed 

for our church and its ministry: 

 

The Hub Network Model: 

 

Where we have a limited set of 

connections and a centralized hub, 

several problems exist: 

 

1) the “networks” (ie: the 

various ministries) are limited 

in their ability to share 

information by the 

connection back to the hub.  

This hub might be a single 

person, group or even the concept of the church as a building and the 

center of our church.  In this model, if all networks wished to 

communicate, or share information or projects, the value of the network is 

limited by the few links made available for the solution and the potential for 

these links or the hub to be bottlenecks for information to easily flow back 

and forth.  Think of the hub-and-spoke model for airlines, which works 

great when O’Hare and Hartsfield have good weather, and rather poorly 

when both (and the NY corridor) are fogged in at the same time. 

 

2) The hub network also has single points of failure which can 

potentially isolate groups and / or individuals from the rest of the 

network.  In communications networks, one rarely designs a single 

connection linking networks together.  If the single connection fails, the 

network becomes an isolated island.   As I mentioned in our meeting last 

Friday, let’s take the example where one of the end points connecting 

through the hub is an individual, whose sole connection into the network 

via the hub (aka the church in this example) is the Youth Group.  If 

something happens to that person at a Youth Group meeting to upset 

them, hurt them or otherwise make them uncomfortable, the connection 

between that person and everyone else around the church (hub) is 

broken. There is just one, tenuous path connecting that person, group, 

mission team, etc to everyone else.    

 

The Church Web: 

 

Where we have many interconnections between people, groups, teams, 

FUMC, the community around FUMC, local missions, etc, etc (aka: the church web), 

several valuable concepts arise: 

 

1) The networks have 

greater value as more 

interconnections are 

made, and more people 

can connect together to 

share information, answer questions, be a resource of gifts and 

talents to others, be a prayer partner, etc.  Church becomes less of a 

“Sunday morning thing” happening at a “the hub” (aka the church 

building), and more of a network of like-minded people and resources that 

is impactful daily and weekly at work, school, life, etc.   

 

In the telecommunications industry there is a “law” called Metcalfe’s Law*

attributed to Robert Metcalfe – the guy who invented a core technology**

that allows all of our computers to interconnect / network today.   

 

Metcalfe theorized that the value of any telecommunications network is 

proportional to the square of the number of users on the network 

(Memorize that and quote in your next staff meeting – impressive eh?).    

 

In layman’s terms, Metcalfe’s Law states that a network is more valuable 

as more and more people use it and become interconnected via unique 

connections where they can share information.   

                                                 

 *Not to be confused with Moore’s Law, attributed to Gordon Moore, one of the very bright co-founders of 

Intel.  In 1965, Moore forecasted electronics would double in speed, memory capacity etc. every two years.  

So far, it’s held fairly true for every year since 1965. 

 

 **Ethernet 

 

 

As an example, if we have a simple network of two cans and a string, a 

single network connection is built between the users of the cans thus 

providing value via the one communications path between the two users.  

If we can somehow string up a tin-can-network for five people, and each 

could share information independently with each other, then 10 

independent and simultaneous connections exist between the users.  For 

twenty users, 190 unique connections could be made allowing for each 

user to have an independent communications path for the exchange of 

information simultaneously with the other nineteen users***

 

To really demonstrate Metcalfe’s law, imagine the value of the mobile / 

cellular network.  As of the end of June, 2009, over 4Billion 4 connections 

were in place around the world connecting people, machines and 

networks.  And with more and more of these able to exchange messages, 

email or access the Internet, soon almost anyone in the world could in 

theory exchange an idea, or sell a widget to almost anyone else.  The 

value of the mobile network is not based on the capitalized assets that 

make up the physical network, but the value of the sheer mass of 

humanity interconnected via a single web of connections. 

  

In our church, 100 men all interconnected via a church web represents the 

POTENTIAL for 4,950 different and simultaneous connections, 

conversations, threads of help, encouragement, etc. WOW!! 

 

2) The greater the connections, the less impact if a single link or 

connection is severed.     As mentioned previously in the hub model, if 

an individual’s only connection to the church is worship on Sunday 

morning, or youth group, or choir or local missions, and something occurs 

to damage that connection, the individual may separate from the church 

forever.  As the person, ministry, family, and / or network has more and 

more links to others within the church community, it is able to sustain 

these blows more easily, as “church” is defined by the sum of all 

connections for these entities. 

 

I don’t think Mr. Metcalfe had this in mind when he pontificated his “Law” for 

communications networks, but it certainly has merit when we look at how our 

network of ministries and people can and should be interconnected in the life of 

the church.   The greater the number of connections which exist between the 

men in the church and the church community at large, the tighter the meaning of 

“church community” as a concept.   

 

 ***for you math wizzes who are already trying to deduce the calculation, it’s ((n*(n-1))/2) where n = the 

number of people in the network that require connections).  For those who are math-challenged like me, just nod appreciably and move on 

 

 ****Source:  WCIS, July 13, 2009 



Is our church network two cans and a string?  An “Information cul-de-sac”?  A 

web of connections?  What we need and want it to be?  Is this something for this 

Allies group to tackle?  How do we get there?    


Friday, May 29, 2009

the art of community development

Do you think these lines from (he Art of War by Sun Tzu apply to our community like they did to his army?
"We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors."
If it's true of us are you excited about the possibility or does it discourage you?

Saturday, May 23, 2009

The genius of and

Worry and deeds is motivation.  Worry without motivation is worry.

Faith and deeds is belief.  Faith without deeds is faith.

More prayer and relationship is life.  More prayer without relationship is more prayer.

Change without changing is change.  Change and changing is transformation.

Being interesting without being interested isn't very interesting.

Love without power is sentiment.

Power without love is death.

Compassion without action is pity.

Charity without innovation and release of energies of people is taking care of people.

Charity and giving people a chance to fulfill their potential is people who are responsible for taking care of one another.

Wednesday, May 13, 2009

The problem is...

I recently spoke about a comment I heard about the "problem with men in the church today" is that they don't know enough scripture.  My friend challenged me in my lack of priority for scriptural understanding on behalf of our men.  I shared that in my opinion the problem isn't that men don't know enough scripture.  The problem I see is that men who are passionate and have experienced the power of scripture either are incapable or don't have clear access to sharing that with other men.

To me, that is the problem.  Not just about scripture, but with a lack of sharing in experience, reason, and tradition of our faith.

The solution?

A vibrant community of men who identify and activate their gifts, passion, and relationship in order to connect with one another in growing is discipleship of Christ.

The scripture problem, the reason problem, the experience problem and the tradition  problem with work itself out if we address the identifying and activating problem.

Friday, May 8, 2009

Questions to ponder for May 15

James 2: 1-8
1.  What makes us show favoritism?  Have you ever seen favoritism shown in little league sports, youth trips, neighborhood events?  It's not just work?

2.  Verses 5-6 mention the rich and the poor.  Is it just referring to economic status?

3.  How does showing favoritism tarnish the message of the Gospel?

4.  Would a poor person feel accepted in our church?

James 2: 9-13
1.  What does it mean that to act like one who is going to be judged by the law that gives freedom?

2.  How does mercy triumph over judgement?  How does one's commitment/loyalty, etc.  change when they have experienced mercy?

Thursday, May 7, 2009

Questions to ponder for May 8

James 1: 19-21
1. How does one be quick to listen?

2.  Are there exceptions to when we should be slow to speak or slow to become angry?  Why or why not?

3.  Is anger wrong?  Where does anger seem to come from?

4.  What is the "word" that can save us?

5.  Have you ever known anyone who doesn't get angry?

James 1:22-25
1.  What are some examples of how we apply scripture?

2.  What is the "one' thing that usually keeps you from applying scripture?

3.  How can God's law bring freedom?  And what does it provide freedom from?

James 1:26-27
1.  What have you done in your life to keep a tight reign on your tongue?  Is it easier to do this at work than outside work?

2.  What are some ways for us to protect ourselves from being "polluted by the world"?

Sunday, April 26, 2009

Lesson plan for May 1

Reflect on your life:
1.  When shopping, when do you prefer a clone or generic substitute over a name brand?  What items do you prefer to stick to the name brand?

2.  What is the difference between imitation, bonded, and genuine leather?  In general, why do people prefer the genuine leather?

Read the passage
1.  What do you know about the author of the letter of James?

2.  What audience was James addressing?  What do you know about their situation?

3.  How does this setting compare to your situation?

4.  Why will genuine Christian Faith always show itself in the life of a person?

5.  How can a person know that his/her faith is genuine... the real thing?

Respond to the Message

1.  James was concerned because many Christians of his day were satisfied that intellectual agreement with Christianity was enough.  How does that exist today?

2.  What are some of the cheap substitutes for genuine faith?

3.  What can the church do to help Christians put their faith into practice?

4.  What would happen if you were in a country where you could not speak openly about your faith--how might others know you were a Christian?

Monday, April 20, 2009

Photo Finish at Wing Ding


Bryan McElwain finished as top wing dinger Sunday night 4.19 at Bill Allred's house.  "You could have thrown a hat over all 5 contestants, but somebody had to win," commented score card designer and judges tally tallier Keith Jennings.  "I'm going to Disney World," shouted Mr. McElwain upon hearing of his victory.  He accepted a roll of toilet paper and a gift card to taco mac for his prize.

Logical next step?


Thursday, April 9, 2009

The one that didn't get away

Tom Halliburton with Ty and Will and a fish.







Tuesday, April 7, 2009

Wing Ding POA

Tentative Contestants:
Tom Halliburton
Scott Anderson
Walt Davis
Anthony Cochran
George Sherrer

Tentative Judges:
Sam Matthews
Ken Cross
Dick Prange
Rob Schnatmeier

Criteria for Wings;
Taste 
Originality
Presentation
Texture

Each Contestant prepares 50 wings
Allies will provide additional 200 wings

Winner will receive a special prize

Judging at 7:00 p.m.

Winner announced after everyone has had a chance to enjoy the wings.

Even if your guest can't make it to the James study, invite him to the wing ding anyway.

Wednesday, April 1, 2009

Calling all wing nuts

April 19, 2009
Gathering: 6:30 p.m.
Wing judging: 7:00 p.m.
The home of Bill and Sarah Allred
807 Colston Road
Marietta Georgia 30064

Allies are encouraged to invite perspective FMMG community members to attend.  The purpose of this event is to allow guys to connect with one another so that they will consider joining the group for our study of James which begins on 4.24.09.

Facebook: Friday Morning Men's Group

RSVP by commenting below or email forrest cate at forrestcate@mariettafumc.org

Monday, March 30, 2009

Mine or His?

Guest post from Tom King:

Henry David Thoreau said, "All men lead lives of quiet desperation".  A few men shared on Friday what keeps them up at night.  We all have concerns.  But, we try to take control of it all and do it all ourselves and we can't.  We often forget that when we asked Him to come into our life and take control, we gave it all and He is in control.  Many times we do not understand the situations... we only see the immediate and it's easy for us to put our priorities first and think that that's God's priorities.  But, have we really given it all to Him?  He can handle it.  He is the main actor now and we are the understudy, doing what we see Him doing.  Are we in prayer?  Have we given it all to Him?  Are we still trying to control everything ourselves?  We cannot do it on our own.  It is only in Him and in Him alone that we walk.  Walk with Christ today.  Ask him to show you the way and walk in it.  'cuz it's not about me, it's all about Him.  He will carry you when you can walk no more...

Wednesday, March 25, 2009

Taking a shot at vision

Guest post from James Tate:

I have been thinking about guys in community who are "unconnected", so I modified our vision statement to:

"A community of men who identify and activate their individual gifts, passion, and relationships in order to connect the men of MFUMC with one another as well as the communities they touch, and join them in the journey of growth in discipleship of Jesus Christ."

Take your shot!

Thursday, March 19, 2009

Target Practice: A vision

What I see us doing as the Friday Morning Men's Group.

What I see happening as we continue to do and we are doing.

A community of men who identify and activate their individual gifts, passion, and relationships in order to connect the men of MFUMC with one another and join them in the journey of growth in discipleship of Jesus Christ.

It needs some wordsmithing.

Help.  Take a shot.

Monday, March 16, 2009

Lil Lambs and Discipleship?

Yes.  At the core of the reason of why we do Lil Lambs is Discipleship...right?


Check out the video at: movie link to find out how.

Sunday, March 15, 2009

March Madness

This is a wide side community building event.

We could:

Bring in food.

Find some guys to prepare the food as part of the community building.

We could:

Identify some wide side guys we know and each personally invite them to come.

Identify newer members of guys we might not know and invite them.

Remember the genius of the "and" here and maybe look to do both.

We need to:

Identify a date and figure out how to tell our story about why someone would want to come.

Is there a logical next step from this event we would look to point someone to?

Habitat Leadership Team on the Continuum

Commitment Level- fairly high- probably involves total of three meetings.  Take on a crew leader role for a build day or half a build day.  The primary responsibility of crew leader is to make sure folks who come to help are engaged in a meaningful way with others at habitat that day and with you as the crew leader.

Where exactly on the continuum?  Somewhere closer to deeper than wide.  Who would be attracted to it.  Maybe somebody who is ready to "take the next step".

Is there someone in your community that you would like to see offered the opportunity to take a next step in the discipleship journey?

Shoot me an email and we will invite them to the March 24 Leadership Team Meeting.


Monday, March 9, 2009

Find the purpose of the FMMG

See if you can find the purpose of the Friday Morning Men's group in this video.  Brian McNair and Lowry Curry are working on this ministry, but why?

The first three to post a comment with the correct answer will receive a prize this Friday.



Friday, March 6, 2009

Taking Off the Blinders


My-father-in-law tells the joke about the blind horse that the farmer was using to pull the city slicker's car out of the ditch.  The horses name was Buster.  So the farmer hooks Buster up to the car and yells: "Pull Smokey."  Of course nothing happens.  And then the farmer yells: "Pull Midnight".  Nothing.  Finally he yells: "Pull Buster." Buster pulls and the car is freed from the ditch.  "Why did you yell those other names first?" asks the city slicker.  "Well," says the farmer, "because Buster is blind and he doesn't pull as hard when he thinks he is pulling alone."

Andy made an interesting point this morning when he talked about our relationships sometimes being about pulling together like work horses.  Does it matter why we are pulling?  Does it matter what we are 'doing' by our effort?  Does it make a difference whether we are pulling alone or with others?  And of course who has the reins?  Where's the feed trough?

That is a pretty good insight into our Friday Morning Men's Group and a part of it that should and will continue hopefully for years to come.

Many thanks to all the authentic conversationers and to Allen for his careful hand on the tiller (or reins) of leading the group today.

Please "extend" Friday Morning Men's Group weekly meetings until Good Friday, 4/3/09.  6:00 a.m. in room 220.  I hope you will opt in for another module.

I wouldn't be surprised at all if an ongoing weekly or every other weekly small group springs out of the FMMG moving forward.  We'll talk over the details of how we spend our remaining FMMG weekly time together on Friday 3.13.09

Thursday, March 5, 2009

Next Steps

As we have traversed and travailed along the journey of getting a group of potential leaders for a men's ministry a funny thing happened: we became a community kind of.  A group of guys with diverse ideas about life and the spiritual life and spiritual leaders and men's ministry and ministry to men and how we fulfill the great commission and the great commandment and what the life of the church means and whether or not the factory is working and what the problem with men is and what the church is going to do about it.  We've had great discussions and we had an overnight.  We've studied books and we have seen things happened that otherwise would not have.  We have seen things come and probably already seen some of them go already.  (Prayer dots, maybe?).

So where are we now?  What do we know?

We've seen a couple of action verbs surface:

Equip-
A group of guys who are leading groups or who are interested in leading groups found some tools and learned about them with a collective consciousness so now we can move forward withe shared language and methods.

Fellowship-
We like getting together with a group of guys we would not have chosen for ourselves to learn more about each other and the way of Christ.  We share scriptural understanding, our experiences, our understanding of our tradition, and we reason things through.

We have had a core value that we want to honor:

We will have an end date.  We will be open to what happens after that as a good outcome, but the weekly meetings need to come to an end so that new things can begin.

So we will determine when the end date is and plan ways that we can continue to work and live together around our objectives of connecting men to each other and to us and to the cause of Christ.

We'll talk a little bit about these ideas on 3.6.09 and then more extensively on 3.13.09 and decide what to do then.

What other action verbs have you seen emerge from our group?
What other core values do we need to honor as this process of growing in community develops?



Friday, February 20, 2009

More-ness


A term Rob Bell used in a recent sermon caught my attention.  Moros.  Reverend Bell defined it as a kind of foolish talk- scorning somebody for their heart and character.  It caught my attention because I have observed this very thing happening a lot lately.  From a variety of sources and in equally varied settings.

On a recent mission trip: "This community development thing doesn't even seem Christian."

At a discussion forum for our church's mission program: "Who gets the credit for the work you are trying to do?  God doesn't get the credit if you do it this way."

Following a confirmation retreat: "The reason we are doing this is because we are 'right.'  We have the only right way to God and that is important."

At a men's group meeting:  "It has to be about Christ.  Not the church.  How do we know if what we are doing is for Christ and not just something that we like doing?"

I have been extremely fortunate--blessed--to be a part of a group of guys who are doing something that I don't know I have been a part of before.  We are taking the time to hear one another and to share.  To learn and to appreciate.  We are looking to join together and discover a purpose and to become a community.  

We are looking to move from Moros to More-ness.  There is something more.  There is something more to what we are doing.  There is something more to life.  There is something more to church.  There is something more to Christ.

We still have an occasional eye roll or a slow head shake.  But what I'm hearing is: "This time I didn't flip my off switch to 'off' when he started talking about _________."  "Now that I understand his story I understand what he means when he says ______________."

The Greek God Moros is defined on Wikipedia as the personification of impending doom who drives every being, mortal or otherwise, to its fated doom.  He is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent.  Maybe that's why I have been seeing so much moros-ness lately.

There is even a story in Matthew's Gospel under the section (chapters 8-10) regarded as the "mission of the church" where the Pharisee's accused Jesus of casting out devils through the prince of the devils.  (Matthew 9:34).  Even when God was himself fulfilling his own mission, he didn't get the credit for it from everyone.

WWJD? According to verse 35: he "went about".  We'll keep doing the same.  We'll keep looking for more.

Sunday, February 8, 2009

Champagne in the parking lot


I came across an empty champagne bottle in the island of a parking lot this morning.  I was trying to reconstruct the celebration it represented.

1.  Assume a champagne bottle indicates some sort of celebration.

2.  It must have been impromptu or covert as it took place in a parking lot beside a Krystal Restaurant.

3.  Sometimes, covert or impromptu celebrations are the best, most heartfelt.

4.  The bottle wasn't smashed, so that indicates some level of restraint.

5.  No glasses were with it.  Did they drink straight from the bottle?

6.  It was more than one person, right?

7.  It was a parking lot, some somebody was driving.  Did they take part or did they celebrate without drinking?

8. Did they retrieve the cork and save for posterity?  Was this celebration just for it's own sake and didn't have any meaning moving forward?

9.  Why leave the bottle on the ground?  No matter what kind of celebration- good/bad, deserved/capricious, fulfilling/cheap, wholesome/shady, in community/alone, or otherwise: leaving the bottle behind cheapens it.

How do we celebrate and how do we do it in a way that lets others know it's whole and authentic?  Don't leave empty bottles behind.

Tuesday, February 3, 2009

Giving and Offering

I remember hearing that male role models are fairly rare in the church in Peru.  On our recent trip there, I wanted to see if I could involve some of the men in participating in a Bible school we help put on in Chimbote.  I found a gentleman kind of hanging out at the back of the make shift room where we were holding the Bible school.  Through nonverbal communication, I got him to help hand out coloring pages and markers.  He really had a good time and was quite proud to help contribute.  Towards the end of the session the head honcho asked me to hand out cookies as the children departed.  "Give them two cookies--no more--because we might not have enough."  I found my new found friend to help hand them out.  I was first told not to give him any cookies because they were just for the children.  I finally explained that I wasn't giving them to him, but that he was helping hand them out.  

What was interesting was: I was handing out the cookies.  I was in control.  I made sure nobody got too many or more than their share.  My Peruvian partner, though, took a different tack.  Rather than hand out the cookies, he offered the cookies.  Nobody seemed to take more than two and he sure seemed to have more joy in his offering than I had in my handing out.

I wonder about all the joy all around in the poverty stricken areas of Peru where we worked.  I got a clue into maybe why as I was handing out the cookies.  

There is more joy in offering than in handing out.

Thursday, January 22, 2009

Changing the Label

Heinz Ketchup is changing the label it puts on its ketchup bottles.  There is concern that people are not making the connection that ketchup comes from tomatoes, so out with the gherkin pickle (it's a long story) and in with a tomato on the vine.  The idea is to tap into the desire of people to eat more wholesome, natural foods.  There will also be a new tag-line: "Grown not Made."  I'm interested in rebranding because like ketchup, ministry sometimes loses touch with what it's supposed to represent.  So: what to do when people lose sight of what you are doing in ministry?  Rebrand it.  Call it something else, so people won't be turned off by it.  The question is: What else do you have to change besides the brand or the label.

Back to the ketchup.  What will Heinz do differently now that it has changed the label?  More natural wholesome tomatoes?  Somehow help farmers who are doing a better job growing and caring for tomatoes?  What about the poor gherkin farmers and producers who they are leaving behind.  And the people who prefer to have their ketchup made not grown, the people who are realistic about the fact that ketchup does not grow on trees?  And what about all the people who dedicate their lives to making the ketchup.  Is this a slight to them?

And to ministry.  What do we have to change when we start calling a ministry something else? Are we committed to changing the ministry and the lives it touches?  Or just what we call it?

Saturday, January 10, 2009

Unmade beds a problem?

For years we battled the problem of the kid who wouldn't make up her bed:
1.  Keep the door closed.
2.  Make up your bed.
3.  Make up your bed or else.
4.  I mean it this time, make up your bed.
5.  I'll just do it.

An then out of the blue, the bed is made up everyday.  "She's making up her bed everyday", my wife tells me  "Why I ask." "Because", my wife says, "she loves her room."

Women it seems like to rearrange rooms.  Redecorate, redo.  Knock out a wall if possible.  My reaction usually is "Didn't you just redo the room?"

I've come to realize though, there are advantages to this room makeover thing.  By allowing our daughter a space that is hers she behaved better.  By participating with her in the planning, designing, thinking about, and implementing, we were able to let go of worrying about the bed getting made up.

I wonder what other areas of life would this this kind of approach be worthwhile?

A colleague mentioned that when he asked a group of middle high boys (notorious for not really participating in such activities) to talk about the person they were in 2008 and the person they would like to be in 2009, they were extremely interested in participating.

Maybe it has something to do with taking an interest in the interests of our children.

And what they would like to do about it.

Thursday, January 8, 2009

Coffee and Communion

I was met with kindness and grace upon arriving late to my connection through coffee making session last Sunday.  I learned how to make coffee with the industrial Binford 2ooo coffee machine and where it all goes and how people talk to and connect with the "coffee man", and I learned about the dangers of saving a few cents by adding a few fresh grounds to the base of grounds from the last batch and running it again.  (High risk, reward- this can lead to the machine backing up and overflowing).  After a great time of visiting with and helping out my coffee making partner, I headed into 9:00 a.m. Worship.  I was supposed to help serve Communion, so I sought a seat up front.  Wouldn't you know it, there was my coffee making partner, so I sat next to him.  When the minister called for those helping with Communion to come forward: coincidence, my coffee making partner got up also, and we served Communion together.  For the second time that day.

I remember a quote I took to heart from Mother Teresa.  "As soon as we receive Jesus in Holy Communion, let us go in haste to give him to our sisters, to our poor, to the sick, to the dying, to the lepers, to the unwanted, and the unloved.  By this we make Jesus present in the world today."

Here's to Communion.  And to coffee.